The Constructions of Deduction

Reinforced concrete is one of the most important material available for the construction in India and all over the world. It used almost all the structures including; buildings, bridges, retaining walls, tunnels, tanks, shells and even ships. Concrete is a mixture of sand and gravel held together with a paste of cement and water. Sometimes one or more admixtures is added to change certain characteristics of the concrete such as its workability, durability and time of hardening. Concrete has a high compressive strength and a very low tensile strength. Reinforced concrete is a combination of concrete and steel where in the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Steel reinforcement is also capable of resisting compression forces and is used in columns as well as in other situations.

In determining the external stability of retaining walls, failure modes like bearing failure, sliding and overturning are normally considered in design. In considering the criterion of sliding, the sliding resistance of retaining walls is derived from the base friction between the wall base and the foundation soils. To increase the sliding resistance of retaining walls, other than providing a large self-weight or a large retained soil mass, shear keys are to be installed at the wall base. The principle of shear keys is as follows: The main purpose of installation of shear keys is to increase the extra passive resistance developed by the height of shear keys. However, active pressure developed by shear keys also increases simultaneously. The success of shear keys lies in the fact that the increase of passive pressure exceeds the increase in active pressure, resulting in a net improvement of sliding resistance. On the other hand, friction between the wall base and the foundation

The word 'soil' is derived from the latin word solium which, according to Webster's dictionary, means the upper layer of the earth that may be dug or plowed; specifically, the loose surface material of the earth in which plants grow. The above definition of the soil is used in the field of agronomy where the main concern in the use of soil for raising crops. In geology, earth's crust is assumed to consist of unconsolidated sediments, called mantle or regolith, overlying rocks. The terms 'Soil' is used for the upper layer of mantle which can support plants. The term 'soil' in soil engineering is defined as an unconsolidated material, composed of solid particles, produced by the disintegration of rock. The void space between the particles may contain air, water or both. The solid particles may contains organic matter. the soil particles can be separated by such mechanical means as agitation water.

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Here I am touch with the deduction of construction