The Constructions of Deduction

The assembly of roof truss attached to and supported on column at both the ends is known as bent, mill bent or transverse bent . An industrial buildings consists of a series of such transverse bent supporting the roof. The distance between the two adjacent transverse bents is known as bay . The space between the column lines is usually called an aisle.

Frames with flexible joints have no internal resistance against the horizontal load/force and external bracing must be provided for this purpose. So overall purpose of bracing is to provide additional safety against the external loads in comparable self-building. The main function of the bracing in steel structures that the lateral forces due to wind, earthquake and crane surge etc. are transmitted efficiently to the foundation of the building. A system of lateral or diagonal bracing is provided to prevent the building from twisting under the action of wind.

1.     The advantage of welding over bolting is that, the welding creates low stress concentration while bolting always have stress concentrations at each bolt.                             2.     The strength of welded joint is more as compared to the bolting joint. 3.    The welded joints are better for fatigue load, impact load & vibrations.                                     4.        There is no deduction in the area because here is no holes. Thus cross-section is effective to carry l oads.

Load bearing web stiffeners or simply bearing stiffeners are vertical stiffeners provided at points of application of concentrated loads and end reactions. When they are provided at the end called as end bearing stiffeners. The bearing stiffeners are provided to prevent the web from crushing and buckling sideway, under the action of concentrated load. The additional stiffeners required at the point of concentrated loads for the purpose of protecting the web from compressive loads are called bearing stiffeners.

The diagonal tension poses no problem, but diagonal compression cause web to buckle. If an unstiffened girder/plate is incapable to resists that amount of concentrated load/shear appropriately spaced stiffeners are used. So that’s why the stiffeners are necessary in the plate girder.

Cross girder are provided in each panel, joining the corresponding lower panel points of two truss girder. The design procedure is given by:- Step 1:-                 Loads:- Effective span of cross girder = 4 m ( say ) The dead load as transformed as the point load at 1 m from the ends of cross girder. Self weight of cross-girder = 3 kN/m ( Assumed ), it acts as uniformly distributed. The cross girder is subjected to maximum live load when both the adjacent spans loaded. EUDLL (Effective uniformly Distributed Live Load) for 8 m span = 1056 KN ( Say ) Impact factor = 0.909 (say) [ Note : - Impact factor is calculated by using this formula = 0.15 + [8 / (6+L)] So, Impact load is given by,                                                       = 0.909 × 1056                                                       = 960 KN Live Load + Impact Load = 2016 KN Half of live load and impact load is carried by girder as two point’s loads at 1 m from each e

A number of systems of classification have been evolved for categorizing various types of soil. Some of these have been developed specifically in connection with ascertaining the suitability of soil for use in particular soil engineering projects. Some are rather preliminary in character while a few are relatively more exhaustive, although some degree of arbitrariness is necessarily inherent in each of the systems.   The more common classification systems are enlisted below: Geological Classification Classification by Structure Classification based on Grain-size Unified Soil Classification System Preliminary Classification by soil types Geological Classification:-                                            Soil types may be classified on the basis of their geological origin. The origin of a soil may refer either to its constituents or to the agencies responsible for its present status. Based on constituents, soil may be classified as: I