The Constructions of Deduction

The following objects of signalling are given by:-         1.  It provide the facilities for the efficient movement of trains. 2. To ensure safety between two or more trains which cross or approach each others path. 3. To provide facilities for safe and efficient shunting operations. 4. To provide facility for the maximum utility of the track. 5. To guide the trains movement during maintenance and the repairs of the track. 6. To safeguard the trains at converging junctions and give directional indications at diverging junctions.

In this blog all papers of civil engg. form year 2009 to year 2015 click here to Downlaod .

What is Sleeper Density? The number of railway sleepers required to be placed under the track per rail length is called as its railway sleeper density.    It is generally given by the formula:-                                            Sleeper Density = n + x                                                                                   Where                                                                                    n = length of one rail in yards                                                                                    x = excess number of railway sleepers for example, if there are 19 railway sleepers in a 14 feet (14 yards) rail then Sleeper Density = n + x = 19 But n = 14 Sleeper density = n + 5 In Pakistan the sleeper density varies from n + 3 to n + 7. In America , the sleeper density from n + 9 to n + 11. How to Decide Sleeper Density:- The following points should be kept in mind while deciding about

What is Rail Creep? Creep in rail is defined as the longitudinal movement of the rails in the track in the direction of motion of locomotives. Creep is common to all railways and its value varies from almost nothing to about 6 inches or 16cm. Causes of Creep:- The causes of rail creep can be broadly classified into two categories 1.      Major Causes o Creep 2.      Minor Causes of Creep Major Causes of Creep:- Major causes of creep also known as principal causes of creep. Follows are the major causes of creep in rail 1.   Creep may be developed due to forces that come into operation when the train is starting or stopping by application of brakes. Increase of starting the wheels pushes the rail backward and hence the direction of creep is in backward direction. When brakes are applied then the wheels of the vehicles push the rails in forward direction and hence the creep is in forward direction. 2.   Creep is also developed due to wave motions. When the whe

Railway Sleepers Definition:- It is a component of permanent way laid transversely under the rails and performing the following functions. 1.     To support the rails firmly and evenly. 2.     To maintain the gauge of the back correctly. 3.     To distribute the weight common on the rails over a sufficiently large areas of the ballast. 4.     To act as an elastic medium between the rail and the ballast and to absorb the vibrations of the trains. 5.     To maintain the track at proper grads. 6.     To align the rail properly. Characteristics of Ideal Railway Sleepers:- 1.     Initial cost and maintenance cost should be low. 2.     They should resist weathering, corrosion, decay and other deterioration. 3.     They should bear the wheel load efficiently and satisfactorily. 4.     They should maintain the correct gauge. 5.     They should absorb shocks or vibrations due to moving vehicles. 6.     It should distribute the load properly and uniformly over t

What is Ballast? Railway Ballast is the foundation of railway track and provide just below the sleepers. The loads from the wheels of trains ultimately come on the ballast through rails and sleepers. Functions of Ballast:- Some of the important functions of railway ballast are: 1.     To provide firm and level bed for the sleepers to rest on. 2.     To allow for maintaining correct track level without disturbing the rail road bed. 3.     To drain off the water quickly and to keep the sleepers in dry conditions. 4.     To discourage the growth of vegetation. 5.     To protect the surface of formation and to form an elastic bed. 6.     To hold the sleepers in position during the passage of trains. 7.     To transmit and distribute the loads from the sleepers to the formation. 8.     To provide lateral stability to the track as a whole. Requirements for Ideal Ballast:- The ideal material for ballast should fulfill the following requirements 1.     It should b

Every year, a few thousand engineers get together and decide which projects constitute the absolute smartest ideas in their profession. This year, they’ve chosen the largest dome structure ever built—which can open and close in less time than it takes to make dinner. It’s always interesting to see what professionals, not outsiders or journalists, think are the smartest ideas in their industry. This week, the Institution for Structural Engineers—the largest professional group of designers in the world, with 27,000 members—announced that it’s awarding its Supreme Award for Structural Engineering Excellence (read: The Big One) to a stadium mega-complex called the Singapore SportsHub, designed by DP Architects, AECOM, and Arup. What makes this hulking white stadium so special? Well, for one thing, this dome is the largest ever built, spanning a total of 1,017 feet across. For perspective, that’s more than 100 feet wider than the second largest dome (at the Cowboys