New test chamber making possible research into challenging 'geotechnical' problems
A test chamber developed at Purdue University allows
engineers to simulate precisely what happens to soil underground during the
installation of piles and other structural elements, a research tool for
improving construction of everything from buildings and bridges to offshore
wind turbines.
The system can be used
to study many types of geotechnical structures during both their construction
and service life, said Rodrigo Salgado, a professor of civil engineering.
Geotechnical research involves aspects of geological science, mechanics and
civil and structural
engineering.
"The nice thing
about the chamber is that it
can be used to study many geotechnical problems for which there are neither
experimental data nor theoretical solutions," he said.
The researchers have
demonstrated the system with cone penetration testing, which can reach depths
in excess of 100 feet and is often used to estimate the properties of soil
before installing structures both offshore and on land.
"You need to know
how strong the soil is to determine how much load you can put on it or whether
you need to do something to improve it before building on it," said Monica
Prezzi, a professor of civil engineering.
The system consists of a
half-circle-shaped chamber 1.2 meters tall and 1.6 meters wide with a
transparent window in the side. A series of images is taken with cameras and a
digital microscope as the cone penetrometer probe is pushed into the sand. The
sand contains colored particles that allow researchers to track the movement of
soil particles with a technique called digital image correlation (DIC). The
researchers also developed a mechanism that precisely controls the density of
the soil by uniformly "raining" the sand into the chamber through
holes in a disc-shaped "pluviator."
A paper about the new
chamber was awarded a Geotechnical Research Medal from the Institution of Civil
Engineers in the UK, meaning it was the best paper of the year in ICE journals
with geotechnical content. The paper was published in July 2014 in the journal
Geotechnique, and the award will be issued during a ceremony in October. The
paper was authored by former doctoral students Mazhar Arshad and Faraz Tehrani,
who have graduated, Prezzi and Salgado.
One limitation of
current methods of interpreting cone penetration is that there is "no
rigorous theoretical solution of the penetration problem," Salgado said.
The problem is complicated by the fact that soil sometimes behaves as a solid -
when stresses are below certain limits - and sometimes as a fluid, when those
limits are exceeded, Salgado said.
"It will behave as a solid up to a point and then it will start flowing
more like a fluid," he said. "It is very difficult to analyze a
problem like this where you are pushing something into the ground because you
have this flow aspect to it, but then you may have soil just around it that is
still like a solid."
Experiments using the
chamber will provide data for development of models and also to validate new
models. Images were shown to precisely track the displacement of soil in the
cone penetration experiments.
"The DIC method
allows you to model it from an experimental viewpoint because you can actually
see what's happening so you can track particle groupings in images, calculate
deformations, how much flow has happened, and so on," Salgado said.
It took about five years
to design and build the chamber, which was challenging because elements of the
system must remain perfectly aligned while objects are forced at high pressure
into the soil sample. Another challenge was integrating the transparent window,
which is made of 3-inch-thick Plexiglas.
"This was all done
from scratch, so we had to spend a lot of time on the details," Prezzi
said.
Research findings reveal
new details about how the cone penetration tip displaces soil differently at
specific depths.
"Until now, nobody
has been able to measure the displacement and deformation field around the
cone," Salgado said. "So this is the first time we can actually
visualize that."
Such research could lead
to improved structures.
"You can make the
case that if you know things with a lot more accuracy and precision and you
understand them on a fundamental level you will prevent failures, and you also
do things more economically," Salgado said.
For example, Prezzi
said, offshore structures often are founded on carbonate sand deposits, which
undergo much more severe "particle crushing" than silica sands upon
loading. Properly designing pile foundations for platforms and wind turbines is
essential for safe and economical energy production in onshore and offshore
environments.
"The challenges
posed by carbonate sands, due to their crushability and resulting different
mechanical response, are well illustrated by the case of Woodside's North
Ranking A platform in Western Australia," she said. "Overestimation
of pile capacity from designing in carbonate sand using methods developed for
silica sand was a costly lesson, with $340 million in 1988 Australian dollars
spent on remedial work."
Accurate testing data
might have prevented the failure and avoided expensive repairs, she said.
The new chamber has
attracted researchers and civil
engineering students from around the world. Six undergraduate
students and five doctoral students are working in experimental programs that
use the chamber.
The chamber is the first
such large-scale system for geotechnical research, enabling the study of
problems with axial symmetry, "or symmetry with respect to plane"
that would not otherwise be possible, she said. It is housed in Purdue's Robert
L. and Terry L. Bowen Laboratory for Large-Scale Civil Engineering Research and
has been used to study problems of interest to the Center for Offshore,
Foundation and Energy Engineering (COFFEE) at Purdue.
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